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f ) = o x) o o ' o 7 ! Vt ft vt t t t t t t t t u u &u 6u Fu Vu fu vu u u u u u u u u v v &v 6v Fv Vv fv vv v v v v v v v v w w &w 6w Fw Vw fw vw w w w w w w w w x x &x 6x Fx Vx fx vx x x x x x x x x y y &y 6y Fy Vy fy vy y y y y y y y y z z &z 6z Fz Vz fz vz z z z z z z z z { { &{ 6{ F{ V{ f{ v{ { { { { { { { { | | &| 6| F| V| f| v| | | | | | | | | } A buffered interface to random access streams.
The constructor creates a reader and writer for a seekable stream,
raw, given in the first argument. If the buffer_size is omitted it
defaults to DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE. max_buffer_size isn't used anymore.
A buffered reader and writer object together.
A buffered reader object and buffered writer object put together to
form a sequential IO object that can read and write. This is typically
used with a socket or two-way pipe.
reader and writer are RawIOBase objects that are readable and
writeable respectively. If the buffer_size is omitted it defaults to
DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
A buffer for a writeable sequential RawIO object.
The constructor creates a BufferedWriter for the given writeable raw
stream. If the buffer_size is not given, it defaults to
DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE. max_buffer_size isn't used anymore.
Create a new buffered reader using the given readable raw IO object. Write the given buffer to the IO stream.
Returns the number of bytes written, which is never less than
len(b).
Raises BlockingIOError if the buffer is full and the
underlying raw stream cannot accept more data at the moment.
Read and return up to n bytes, with at most one read() call
to the underlying raw stream. A short result does not imply
that EOF is imminent.
Returns an empty bytes object on EOF.
Read and return up to n bytes.
If the argument is omitted, None, or negative, reads and
returns all data until EOF.
If the argument is positive, and the underlying raw stream is
not 'interactive', multiple raw reads may be issued to satisfy
the byte count (unless EOF is reached first). But for
interactive raw streams (as well as sockets and pipes), at most
one raw read will be issued, and a short result does not imply
that EOF is imminent.
Returns an empty bytes object on EOF.
Returns None if the underlying raw stream was open in non-blocking
mode and no data is available at the moment.
Disconnect this buffer from its underlying raw stream and return it.
After the raw stream has been detached, the buffer is in an unusable
state.
Base class for buffered IO objects.
The main difference with RawIOBase is that the read() method
supports omitting the size argument, and does not have a default
implementation that defers to readinto().
In addition, read(), readinto() and write() may raise
BlockingIOError if the underlying raw stream is in non-blocking
mode and not ready; unlike their raw counterparts, they will never
return None.
A typical implementation should not inherit from a RawIOBase
implementation, but wrap one.
u P ` E ! ~ @! ! @! ` u 0 ~ E ! P~ p~ ( ! ! v P ` E ! ~ `! ! `! v P ` E ! ~ ! ! ! @ /v ! @! { &t { t t s @ u ` d u t t u u t О u {u в s @ pu u 9u u ` { u u {u s 9u t ` d @ t З t @ { &t { t t s @ u ` d u t 9u t О t u u u ` { &t { t s @ t Џ t u ` d u t u u {u в pu u u t О u ` s 0 ! u ! {u `! s 9u `! BytesIO([buffer]) -> object
Create a buffered I/O implementation using an in-memory bytes
buffer, ready for reading and writing. close() -> None. Disable all I/O operations. writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write strings to the file.
Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable
object producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for
each string. write(bytes) -> int. Write bytes to file.
Return the number of bytes written. seek(pos, whence=0) -> int. Change stream position.
Seek to byte offset pos relative to position indicated by whence:
0 Start of stream (the default). pos should be >= 0;
1 Current position - pos may be negative;
2 End of stream - pos usually negative.
Returns the new absolute position. truncate([size]) -> int. Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
The current file position is unchanged. Returns the new size.
readinto(bytearray) -> int. Read up to len(b) bytes into b.
Returns number of bytes read (0 for EOF), or None if the object
is set not to block as has no data to read. readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
total number of bytes in the lines returned.
readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.
Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
Return an empty string at EOF.
read1(size) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
Return an empty string at EOF. read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
If the size argument is negative, read until EOF is reached.
Return an empty string at EOF. tell() -> current file position, an integer
isatty() -> False.
Always returns False since BytesIO objects are not connected
to a tty-like device. getvalue() -> bytes.
Retrieve the entire contents of the BytesIO object. flush() -> None. Does nothing. seekable() -> bool. Returns True if the IO object can be seeked. writable() -> bool. Returns True if the IO object can be written. readable() -> bool. Returns True if the IO object can be read. y @ E ! 8 @! ! 0 P `! u ! d ! t ! t ! t ! u @ `! 9u ! R} P ! {u ! s p @! pu ! 7} ! u ! )y @ ! u ! t 0 `! 2y ?y u { P Ly writable() -> bool. True if file was opened in a write mode. readable() -> bool. True if file was opened in a read mode. seekable() -> bool. True if file supports random-access. isatty() -> bool. True if the file is connected to a tty device. close() -> None. Close the file.
A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be
called more than once without error. Changes the fileno to -1. readinto() -> Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). tell() -> int. Current file position truncate([size: int]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().The current file position is changed to the value of size. seek(offset: int[, whence: int]) -> None. Move to new file position.
Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to
0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
(move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
seeking beyond the end of a file).
Note that not all file objects are seekable. fileno() -> int. "file descriptor".
This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such the fcntl module. write(b: bytes) -> int. Write bytes b to file, return number written.
Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
The number of bytes actually written is returned. readall() -> bytes. read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
or None if no data is available. On end-of-file, returns ''. read(size: int) -> bytes. read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested
In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
On end-of-file, returns ''. file(name: str[, mode: str]) -> file IO object
Open a file. The mode can be 'r', 'w' or 'a' for reading (default),
writing or appending. The file will be created if it doesn't exist
when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated when
opened for writing. Add a '+' to the mode to allow simultaneous
reading and writing. u { { { p { { ` | { 0 { u `! { ` ! s ! 9u ! u ! u ` `! t ! t p `! u 0 ! ! d @! u 0 @! t ! { ( ` E `! ! ! Read until EOF, using multiple read() call. Base class for raw binary I/O. Return a list of lines from the stream.
hint can be specified to control the number of lines read: no more
lines will be read if the total size (in bytes/characters) of all
lines so far exceeds hint. Read and return a line from the stream.
If limit is specified, at most limit bytes will be read.
The line terminator is always b'\n' for binary files; for text
files, the newlines argument to open can be used to select the line
terminator(s) recognized.
Return whether this is an 'interactive' stream.
Return False if it can't be determined.
Returns underlying file descriptor if one exists.
An IOError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.
Return whether object was opened for writing.
If False, read() will raise IOError. Return whether object was opened for reading.
If False, read() will raise IOError. Return whether object supports random access.
If False, seek(), tell() and truncate() will raise IOError.
This method may need to do a test seek(). Flush and close the IO object.
This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
Flush write buffers, if applicable.
This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.
Truncate file to size bytes.
File pointer is left unchanged. Size defaults to the current IO
position as reported by tell(). Returns the new size. Return current stream position. Change stream position.
Change the stream position to the given byte offset. The offset is
interpreted relative to the position indicated by whence. Values
for whence are:
* 0 -- start of stream (the default); offset should be zero or positive
* 1 -- current stream position; offset may be negative
* 2 -- end of stream; offset is usually negative
Return the new absolute position. The abstract base class for all I/O classes, acting on streams of
bytes. There is no public constructor.
This class provides dummy implementations for many methods that
derived classes can override selectively; the default implementations
represent a file that cannot be read, written or seeked.
Even though IOBase does not declare read, readinto, or write because
their signatures will vary, implementations and clients should
consider those methods part of the interface. Also, implementations
may raise a IOError when operations they do not support are called.
The basic type used for binary data read from or written to a file is
bytes. bytearrays are accepted too, and in some cases (such as
readinto) needed. Text I/O classes work with str data.
Note that calling any method (even inquiries) on a closed stream is
undefined. Implementations may raise IOError in this case.
IOBase (and its subclasses) support the iterator protocol, meaning
that an IOBase object can be iterated over yielding the lines in a
stream.
IOBase also supports the :keyword:`with` statement. In this example,
fp is closed after the suite of the with statement is complete:
with open('spam.txt', 'r') as fp:
fp.write('Spam and eggs!')
]} " `" l} E " p ` " " u P " u " t `" t " t " u " " d " x} } } } u " t @ @" } } pu " 7} @ " R} u { ! { Open file and return a stream. Raise IOError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems,
means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the
current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the
encoding used is platform dependent. (For reading and writing raw
bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available
modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
'U' universal newline mode (for backwards compatibility; unneeded
for new code)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer. When no buffering argument is
given, the default buffering policy works as follows:
* Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
"block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.
* "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above
for binary files.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register for a list of the permitted
encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '', no translation takes place. If newline is any of the
other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated to
the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
The io module provides the Python interfaces to stream handling. The
builtin open function is defined in this module.
At the top of the I/O hierarchy is the abstract base class IOBase. It
defines the basic interface to a stream. Note, however, that there is no
separation between reading and writing to streams; implementations are
allowed to raise an IOError if they do not support a given operation.
Extending IOBase is RawIOBase which deals simply with the reading and
writing of raw bytes to a stream. FileIO subclasses RawIOBase to provide
an interface to OS files.
BufferedIOBase deals with buffering on a raw byte stream (RawIOBase). Its
subclasses, BufferedWriter, BufferedReader, and BufferedRWPair buffer
streams that are readable, writable, and both respectively.
BufferedRandom provides a buffered interface to random access
streams. BytesIO is a simple stream of in-memory bytes.
Another IOBase subclass, TextIOBase, deals with the encoding and decoding
of streams into text. TextIOWrapper, which extends it, is a buffered text
interface to a buffered raw stream (`BufferedIOBase`). Finally, StringIO
is a in-memory stream for text.
Argument names are not part of the specification, and only the arguments
of open() are intended to be used as keyword arguments.
data:
DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
An int containing the default buffer size used by the module's buffered
I/O classes. open() uses the file's blksize (as obtained by os.stat) if
possible.
~ " /" ~ H @ 0" @ seekable() -> bool. Returns True if the IO object can be seeked. writable() -> bool. Returns True if the IO object can be written. readable() -> bool. Returns True if the IO object can be read. Close the IO object. Attempting any further operation after the
object is closed will raise a ValueError.
This method has no effect if the file is already closed.
Write string to file.
Returns the number of characters written, which is always equal to
the length of the string.
Change stream position.
Seek to character offset pos relative to position indicated by whence:
0 Start of stream (the default). pos should be >= 0;
1 Current position - pos must be 0;
2 End of stream - pos must be 0.
Returns the new absolute position.
Truncate size to pos.
The pos argument defaults to the current file position, as
returned by tell(). The current file position is unchanged.
Returns the new absolute position.
Read until newline or EOF.
Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.
Read at most n characters, returned as a string.
If the argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF
is reached. Return an empty string at EOF.
Tell the current file position. Retrieve the entire contents of the object. Text I/O implementation using an in-memory buffer.
The initial_value argument sets the value of object. The newline
argument is like the one of TextIOWrapper's constructor. ` E 6" X 9" 8" P { t 2" )y `! @6" u 0 5" pu 5" u ! 6" t `4" u ` @3" 9u P 2" u 1" 1" d 0 `1" 2y ! ?y Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding.
errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see the
codecs.register) and defaults to "strict".
newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
'\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '', no translation takes place. If newline is any of the
other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated to
the given string.
If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
write contains a newline character. Codec used when reading a file in universal newlines mode. It wraps
another incremental decoder, translating \r\n and \r into \n. It also
records the types of newlines encountered. When used with
translate=False, it ensures that the newline sequence is returned in
one piece. When used with decoder=None, it expects unicode strings as
decode input and translates newlines without first invoking an external
decoder.
The error setting of the decoder or encoder.
Subclasses should override.
Line endings translated so far.
Only line endings translated during reading are considered.
Subclasses should override.
Encoding of the text stream.
Subclasses should override.
Write string to stream.
Returns the number of characters written (which is always equal to
the length of the string).
Read until newline or EOF.
Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.
Read at most n characters from stream.
Read from underlying buffer until we have n characters or we hit EOF.
If n is negative or omitted, read until EOF.
Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.
After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an
unusable state.
Base class for text I/O.
This class provides a character and line based interface to stream
I/O. There is no readinto method because Python's character strings
are immutable. There is no public constructor.
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